*For the sake of better understanding in the nature of child traumatic stress, a more thorough exploration of the effects of trauma in children from emotional, cognitive, and behavioral perspectives is needed.

Emotion

Tennen and Affleck (1990) argued that traumatized people feel distressed when traumatic life events were out of their control. Feelings of powerlessness, uncontrollability and a total lack of security persist and easily produce subjective stress (Weaver & Clum, 1995). Even when the threat is over, there remains a spiraling constellation of debilitation symptoms and behaviors that defy traditional therapies (TLC, 2010). According to Steele and Raider (2009), the period of trauma can persist for some children and become emotionally overwhelming, changing their feelings and behaviors permanently. Apart from fear, anxiety and depression are also common responses to stressful events particularly those involving loss (Calhoun & Tedeschi, 1999; McCann & Pearlman, 1990). Moreover, sadness is an almost universal reaction to the death of a loved one. Guilt, anger and irritability are also common responses to major life crises. Steele and Raider (2009) stated that survivor guilt is a very common emotion in traumatized children. For example, students who were not in school at the time of a random shooting would feel accountable for the death of fellow students and experience intrusive thoughts and images. Another form of survivor guilt is the belief that ‘It should have been me instead’ or ‘I wish it would have been me instead.’

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