Why projective drawings help
with trauma?
According to
research by a number of current psychologists and psychotherapists (Elbrecht,
2006; Kuban and Steele, 2008, Levine,
2005, Malchiodi, 2008; Oster, 2004; Peterson & Hardin, 1997; Sander, 2006;
Silva, 2004, van der Kolk, McFarlane, & Weisaeth, 1996), sensory
interventions rather than cognitive approaches can better help children
overcome or minimize the learning, emotional and behavioral problems resulting
from the traumatic arousal. The scholars mentioned believe that sensory-based
interventions are more effective in assisting clients overcome the negative
effects of their implicit memories caused by trauma and to restore effective
emotional functioning. As a result, clearer thinking and positive coping
strategies will become possible.
As
indicated in the research of Steele (2009), traumatic memories are experienced
at a sensory level and must be reactivated in a safe environment in order to be
moderated and tolerated with a sense of power and feeling of safety.
Traumatized people need to feel safe on a sensory level to restore the
functions of the right brain and subsequently regain the ability to respond
appropriately to future stress and/or crisis. Three
components of
structured sensory intervention for traumatized children, adolescents and
parents (SITCAP; Steele and Raider, 2009), namely exposure, trauma narrative, and cognitive reframing, were designed to help people
heal from traumatic effects.
As children have difficulty in verbalizing
traumatic events (Gil, 2006; Malchiodi, 1998; Sander, 2006), drawings are ideal
for them as well as nonverbal adolescents and adults. Robinson (2011) pointed
out that using drawings with children are much shorter in terms of time and
much more cost-effective to administer than known measures of mood and thought
disorder. It takes less than 20 minutes and requires very simple materials such
as 8.5” x 11” white paper and color pencils. Therapeutically speaking, using
drawings can be much safer and freer to explore the inner world of the client
who is a victim of abuse, illness or injury, or a child traumatized by natural
disaster, family transition or violence. According to DiLeo (1983), unconscious
expression of feelings and attitudes may imbue a child’s drawings and give
expression to his/her characters and they can convey directly feelings of joy
and sorrow, hostility and fear.
Recent research results suggest
that projective drawing continue to be popular with a large number of
psychologists, psychotherapists, and social workers (Bekhit, Glyn, &
Richard, 2005; Hojonski, Morrison, Brown, & Mattews, 2006, Robinson, 2011).
Through using projective drawings therapeutically, insight into the person’s
“inner world” would be provided and the person’s intrapersonal themes,
conflicts, psychological and emotional defenses, and indications of a
psychological disorder would become conscious from unconscious (Groth-Marnet
& Roberts, 1998).
For the use of projective drawings, Robinson (p.4-5) states that:
Drawings were noninvasive, nonthreatening,
and ideal for people who would not or could not speak of their troubles.
Projective drawings have been used to capture and describe emotional and
psychological processes over the past century. Developed within the
psychoanalytic and psychodynamic literature, drawings were used a way to view
the inner world of the individual. Drawings were used to not only assess a
person’s emotional state, but also his or her inner conflicts. Drawings were
used to assess unconscious processes such as wishes, desires, and fear. As a
result of this interest, projective drawing drew together the fields of
psychology, psychiatry, and art and art therapy.
Children’s drawings have been used in evaluation of personality,
development, and cognitive abilities for over 100 years (Golumb, 1990). The
study of children’s drawings has such a long tradition in the field of
psychiatry, psychology, art therapy and education (Malchiodi, 1998). Children’s
drawings have generated significantly important information on how children use
drawings to express themselves which the helping professionals should know.
Rubin (2005) pointed out that the making of art products was a kind of acceptable
exhibitionism and not only was art a path to permissible regression, but also a
way to acceptable aggression. Talking about an artwork of grief, Rubin
described:
It was a cry, a scream
caught and tamed. It was a new object in the world, a symbolic for he who was
lost, a mute, tangible testament. The doing of it afforded tremendous relief.
It did not take away the hurt and the ache, but it did help in releasing some
of the rage, and in giving form to a multiplicity of feelings and wishes (p.
4).
Naumburg (1950, 1953, 1966) also stated that art was a kind of symbolic
speech from unconsciousness such as dreams and free association. As a “royal
road” to unconsciousness, art requires art expression and verbalization as well
as self awareness. Kramer (1971, 1979, 2000, 2001) argued that art was a “royal
road” to sublimation which helping the ego to control, manage, and integrate
via the creative process itself. For more than half a century, both approaches
are still seen as pioneers in the rapid growth field of projective drawing and
art therapy. “This rapid development reflects the power of art as a therapeutic
modality (p. 8, Rubin, 2005).
Using projective drawing as a therapeutic tool, the psychoanalytic
perspective is the most helpful to conceptualize the psychodynamic aspects of conflict
between basic fear and basic desire (Blos, 1962; Cassidy & Shaver; 1999,
Erikson, 1950, 1959; Frailberg, 1955: A. Freud, 1936, 1946, 1965; Starnoff,
1976; Tyson & Tyson, 1990).
As indicated by Rubin, “Without a conceptual framework to which to relate
the child’s symbolic and behavioral messages in assessment or treatment, one’s
work remains fuzzy and unfocused” (p. 58). In other words, it is vital that a
conceptual framework to be chose and used both in assessment and therapeutic
process.
Drawings have been used by many psychologists to find out the
development as well as the personality of children (Harris, 1963; Koppitz,
1968, 1984). It is always a fascinating question to ask what children’s
drawings tell clinicians about their psychological state and possible
psychopathology (Buck, 1948; DiLeo, 1974, 1983; Dracknik, 1995; Klepsch &
Logie, 1982; Machover, 1949; Malchiodi, 1998; Oster & Crone, 2004; Rubin,
2005; Schildkrout, Shenker, & Sonnenblick, 1972).
Therapeutically speaking, using drawings can
be much safer and freer to explore the inner world of the client who is a
victim of abuse, illness or injury, or a child traumatized by natural disaster,
family transition or violence. According to Di Leo (1983), unconscious
expression of feelings and attitudes may imbue a child’s drawings and give
expression to his/her characters, conveying directly feelings of joy and sorrow,
hostility and fear.
This is the prelude to my
dissertation: Use projective drawings therapeutically with children who have
experienced trauma. I will attempt to explore the use of projective drawings
therapeutically with children who have experienced trauma, and scaffold a new clinical model for clinicians in
Hong Kong, to help heal the children who have experienced trauma by
using projective drawings therapeutically.
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